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Jan Topolewski 1890 - 1945 Edit

Born 16.1.1890 in Kowno
Died 31.5.1945 in Gusen

Biography

Jan Wojciech Topolewski – prisoner of the Auschwitz-Birkenau and Mauthausen/Gusen concentration camps, prisoner number 102403 – remembers his father Jan Topolewski, prisoner number 102402.

Arrest

On 1 August 1944 an armed uprising began in the Polish capital of Warsaw for after five years of oppression by the National Socialist occupiers, the limits of the bearable had been reached. On 5 August the occupiers stormed the Warsaw district of Wola. The troops under SS Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth, supported by SS Special Unit Oskar Dirlewanger and the SS Division ‘RONA’ murdered up to 50,000 inhabitants of this district. The survivors were forced from their homes and marched to the station under escort, where, after some days in a transit camp, on 10 August they put us into cattle trucks and, as we later discovered, deported us to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.

Auschwitz-Birkenau

After we had been driven out of the trucks with screams and blows, they started with the usual procedure in the camp: they robbed us of everything we had and carried with us, then the ‘Mikwa’ followed, shaving, and we were given prisoner clothing. Everyone was assigned a prisoner number. During this procedure they took away my father’s hernia truss. This was a crucial factor for his subsequent fate in the camps. Shortly before the beginning of the Uprising my father was supposed to have a hernia operation – but there was no time for it, which is why he wore the truss. He managed to keep hold of his glasses but they were also destroyed later. After some time in quarantine we were given new striped prisoner uniforms and were listed for transport. My mother was murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Particularly dangerous prisoners were taken to the trucks for transport across the loading ramp – there were two soldiers by each truck with its small, barred window – we walked past an SS officer standing with his legs apart. This officer noticed my father’s glasses, called him over, broke the glasses and crushed them to dust underfoot – and, swearing heavily, he started to beat my father; after a few blows my father began to bleed. Because the beating was disrupting the rhythm of the marching column, the German stopped the abuse, which spared my father from further blows. After several days without food or water we arrived at Mauthausen.

Mauthausen

The hunger brought about by the paltry food rations prompted by father to say the following words, which I remember to this day: ‘Listen! Eat my portion of bread, you’re young, you can survive! Nothing can help me now, I’m fine with the soup’. (It was pseudo soup). These are the words that still cause me pain today. After a period of quarantine and the assignment of new prisoner numbers, my father and I were sent to work in the quarry, where we carried stones up the infamous Stairs of Death. Everyone had to carry stones of a certain size and a certain weight. The SS kept an eye on this and they posted Kapos on the Stairs of Death.

I did not have enough strength to carry a stone that would satisfy the overseer. I therefore took a large but flat stone that did not bear down so heavily on the shoulders. Within the rows of prisoners, my father, with a stone of the stipulated size, hid me from view from the Kapos and the SS. After a few days of carrying stones my father felt the effects of the missing truss. On return from the quarry he told me with tears in his eyes that he could not hold out any longer and had to report to the infirmary, otherwise they would beat him to death on the Stairs of Death.

The next morning we said our farewells and that was our very last meeting. Before parting we had agreed that we would meet again by the same Block, should we survive. Two days after leaving my father I was transferred to Gusen; the arranged meeting never took place. Some years after liberation I learned that my father had died in the concentration camp in May 1945. It seems that, with his final strength, he had been waiting for our meeting.

My father’s mortal remains lie in a mass grave on the grounds of the former Mauthausen concentration camp.

 

Jan Wojciech Topolewski

Translation into English: Joanna White

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