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Marianne Nagy 1924 - 1945 Edit

Born 22.8.1924 in Lőrinci
Died 5.5.1945 in Mauthausen

Biography

Marianne Nagy was just 20 years old when she died in Mauthausen. She was born on 22 August 1924 in Budapest, the second daughter of a bourgeois Jewish family. Together with her parents, Mihály Nagy and Rósza Fehérváry, and her sister also called Rózsa, who was two years older, Marianne lived in a detached house. The parents were assimilated Jews, visits to the synagogue were a rare occurrence. Both the family’s daughters attended Hungarian middle schools, took piano lessons and were very active sportswomen. They also learned German at home through being looked after by a German-speaking nanny from Transylvania. Marianne’s mother came from a family of watchmakers. Her grandfather, who spent several years in Vienna and the USA, had opened a shop in 1881 in the town of Kecskemét to the south of Budapest. This was later taken over by his son, i.e. Rózsa Fehéváry’s twin brother and Marianne’s uncle. Marianne’s mother ran a photographer’s shop and opticians in Budapest, the father was the director of an insurance company. Since he was considerably older than the mother, he was spared being called up for munkaszolgálat, the Hungarian forced labour service introduced for Jews in 1939; he died of cancer in 1943. Marianne and her sister also had a younger brother. However, he also died young, at the age of twelve, from a serious illness.

While Marianne was studying to be a cellist, her sister qualified as an optician and worked with their mother in the shop. Until the Germans’ occupation of the country on 19 March 1944, the small family, despite a plethora of anti-Jewish laws implemented by the Hungarian government from 1938 onwards, managed to feed themselves from their income. After the regime change, Marianne, her sister and her mother, like most of the other residents of Budapest defined as ‘Jewish’, were initially spared deportation until the autumn. However, regulations such as wearing the ‘Jewish star’ (from 5 April 1944), confiscation of Jewish property and being forced to move into so-called ‘Yellow Star Houses’ (sárga csillagos házak) from June 1944 soon made life unbearable.

After the fascist Nyilas (Arrow Cross Party) came to power in mid-October 1944, at the end of that month the government ordered all Jewish men aged 16 to 60 and all Jewish women aged 16 to 40 to report for ‘Patriotic Labour Service’. Although Marianne and Rózsa’s mother was already well over the age of 40 by his point, since she didn’t want to leave her children alone, all three women reported to the appointed assembly point in Budapest. At first they were housed in a school near Budapest and were forced to dig antitank ditches and build earthworks around the capital. Later the women were taken to the brick factory at Óbuda, after which they were forced to set out for the Austrian border on foot, a march of some 200 km lasting several days.[1] At Zürndorf they were eventually forced onto a train and, after several days travelling by train, they arrived at the Ravensbrück women’s concentration camp probably in mid-December.[2] There they had to endure several weeks in a large text in appalling sanitary conditions, as well as having carrying out pointless and exhausting work in the camp, for example shovelling sand from one pile onto another. In mid-January[3] Marianne and her sister were sent from Ravensbrück to the Flossenbürg subcamp of Venusberg near Chemnitz[4], where they worked as forced labourers in the Junkers factory producing aeroplane parts until the camp was disbanded in mid-April 1945.[5] Their mother had remained in Ravensbrück and probably died there. The months of deportation and its exertions and the evacuation transport lasting two weeks meant that Marianne and Rózsa arrived in Mauthausen at the end of April/beginning of May 1945 extremely weak and sick.[6] Marianne did not live to see the liberation of the camp.

Doreen Eschinger

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

[1] According to Rósza Nagy’s statement, she, her sister and her mother were given a Schutzpass, a certificate of protection, at the border by a friend of the family who had followed the convoy on bicycle. There were therefore able to return to Budapest on a lorry. However, once there they were immediately arrested again and sent back to the border by train (Interview with Rózsa Nagy, interviewer: Doreen Eschinger, private archive of Doreen Eschinger).

[2] The exact date of arrival in Ravensbrück is unclear; in interviews conducted by the author with Rózsa Nagy, the date of their arrival at the women’s concentration camp varies from early to mid-December. There is no surviving arrivals list with the women’s names on it.

[3] There is a transfer list from Ravensbrück to Venusberg dated 15 January 1945 that contains the names of 500 Hungarian Jewish women, including those of the Nagy sisters. It is likely that almost 400 of the 500 women had arrived in Ravensbrück from Budapest on 11 December. Cf. Judith Buber Agassi: The Jewish Women Prisoners of Ravensbrück. Who were they? (Oxford 2007), p. 112 f.

[4] Marianne Nagy was registered there with Flossenbürg prisoner number 62075, her sister with number 62074. Cf. The CD-ROM appendix to Buber Agassi (Buber Agassi: The Jewish Women Prisoners, p.460), which contains a list of names and dates.

[5] For further information on this subcamp, see Pascal Cziborra: KZ Venusberg. Der verschleppte Tod [Venusberg Concentration Camp. A protracted death] (Bielefeld 2008) and Ulrich Fritz: Venusberg, in: Wolfgang Benz / Barbara Distel (ed.): Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager [The Site of Terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps], vol 4: Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück (Munich 2006), p. 263–267.

[6] The literature gives differing information regarding the date of arrival in Mauthausen. Pascal Cziborra explains that the Venusberg camp was evacuated on 14 April 1945 and the women were deported by train to Gusen, where they arrived on 29 April 1945, were housed in different parts of the camp and were liberated on 5 May (see Pascal Cziborra: Frauen im KZ. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der historischen Forschung am Beispiel des KZ Flossenbürg und seiner Außenlager [Women in the Concentration Camps. Possibilities and limits of historical research using the example of Flossenbürg concentration camp and its subcamps] (Bielefeld 2010), p. 119). Ulrich Fritz writes of an arrival in Mauthausen on 4 May 1945 (cf. Fritz: Venusberg, p. 266). Along similar lines to Cziborra, Andreas Baumgartner explains that the evacuation transport was routed via Gusen. On 30 April the transport then finally arrived at the Mauthausen concentration camp; the women spent the final days until liberation in blocks 9 and 10 of the infirmary camp (see Andreas Baumgartner: Die vergessenen Frauen von Mauthausen. Die weiblichen Häftlinge des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen und ihre Geschichte [The Forgotten Women of Mauthausen. The female prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp and their history] (Vienna 1997), p. 192 f.).

 

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