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Jacob Noah Finkelstein 1898 - 1945 Edit

Born 19.4.1898
Died 8.5.1945 in Wels

Biography

For more than 63 years after his liberation from Mauthausen, my father, Sol Finkelstein, was haunted by the uncertainty of what happened to his father, Jacob Noah Finkelstein. Tragically separated in the camp’s final days, Sol, aged 19 at the time, knew only that Jacob, 47, was marched out of Mauthausen and died somewhere soon after. Sol was tormented by the belief that he could have helped his father survive those last few days in Mauthausen if only they had stayed together.

At the outbreak of war, Jacob and his sons Sol and Joe were Polish Jews living in Radom. For more than five years they were imprisoned together in multiple Nazi ghettos, labour camps and concentration camps, including Auschwitz. They survived by supporting each other. When Auschwitz was evacuated on 17 January 1945, they endured a brutal death march across frozen Poland and were sent to Mauthausen. Upon arrival on 2 February, the Nazis forced them to stand naked for eight hours through the night, while spraying them with freezing water to finish off the weakest victims. On 7 March 1945 they were transferred to the Hinterbrühl subcamp (part of the Floridsdorf camp complex) outside Vienna, to work underground in a secret ‘Sea Cave’, an abandoned mine, manufacturing fighter jet components. As the Russian army approached, the Finkelsteins were marched back to Mauthausen on a second death march, trudging seven days across Austria without food, water, coats, or blankets in the cold rain of early April.

Upon returning to the main camp, Sol and Joe slipped out of quarantine and masqueraded as political prisoners in the POW barracks for Spanish soldiers in order to gain better food. Their father remained with the Jewish prisoners, but they were able to visit him clandestinely to bring him food. Jacob was then moved with the other Jews to the Zeltlager, a makeshift tent prison just outside the main camp. Disguised as political prisoners, Sol and Joe were able to move around somewhat to continue their secret visits to their father in the tent-camp. One time, a SS commander caught Sol and Joe carrying soup to the Zeltlager, and severely beat Sol, screaming ‘Juden Freunde!’ (‘Jew lovers!’). The SS officer would surely have killed Sol and Joe if he had known they were Jewish and not disguised as political prisoners dressed as ‘Prominents’.

As the Allied armies drew closer, with liberation just days away, the SS began to march the Jews out. Rumours among the prisoners had it that the SS was going to kill the Jews in an unknown location. Hearing that the final liquidation would occur on 28 April 1945, Jacob urged his sons to return to the main Mauthausen camp. ‘Save yourselves, if you can. I don’t want to lose my whole family. Tell the world what happened here.’ Sol and Joe refused to leave him, agreeing only to get more food from the main camp and immediately return. Before they could get back, the SS ordered a lockdown and marched Jacob and the last Jewish prisoners out of the tent camp.

Sol and Joe were witness to the massacre of 500 Russian officers at Mauthausen, in the course of the so-called ‘Mühlviertel Hare Hunt’, a famous historical event in which the Soviet prisoners escaped Mauthausen, only to be hunted down and murdered by Nazi soldiers and the local population. The bodies of these murdered prisoners were buried in a mass grave by Sol and Joe. Such grave-digging made them witnesses to this Nazi war crime, and so Sol and Joe were selected for execution by the SS as the American army closed in. They survived by hiding under a stack of corpses until the liberation on 5 May 1945. But Sol felt no joy in gaining his freedom that day, because Sol never saw his father again and blamed himself.

In 2008, while researching Sol’s history for his memoir, I uncovered previously unknown documentation concerning my grandfather’s fate. I learned that Jacob had been marched from the Mauthausen tent camp to Gunskirchen concentration camp, a subcamp of Mauthausen about 25 miles away. Hundreds, if not thousands of Jews died during three death marches from Mauthausen. By the time Jacob arrived on 2 or 3 May, the Gunskirchen camp was overcrowded with 17,000 starving prisoners, lacking any food, water or sanitation, and riddled with typhus. When the Americans liberated the sub camp on 4 May, they were horrified by the stench and hundreds of corpses, and the ‘living skeletons’ they found. They quickly transported many of the survivors, including Jacob, to a hospital in the nearby small city of Wels. There he died on 8 May 1945, from typhus and starvation.

Jacob was buried in an unmarked grave in the Wels municipal cemetery, along with 1,035 other Jewish victims from Gunskirchen who died shortly after liberation. For the next 56 years, these graves were just a field of unmarked, open grass. In 2001, the City of Wels dedicated a Holocaust memorial at the site, inscribed with the names of any known victims, including Jacob Finkelstein.

My father Sol was deeply moved when I told him what had happened to his father and showed him a photograph of the Wels memorial with his father’s name. ‘This washes away the guilt I had. I thought he died because I left him alone and there was no one to care for him. Now I know that he was cared for, and died in a hospital, and it wasn’t my fault.’ Sol was also relieved to know the actual date of death, so he could properly observe the Yahrzeit (anniversary date) of his father’s death.

On 8 May 2009, my family travelled to Austria to visit Mauthausen, Gunskirchen and Wels. We placed a gravestone for my grandfather and conducted a Jewish funeral service with a rabbi. Jacob’s great-grandson delivered a graveside eulogy. That evening, we joined the annual memorial service held in Wels since 2001. It was the first time that family members of any of the Gunskirchen victims buried in Wels had attended.

Shortly thereafter, the US Holocaust Memorial Museum discovered a photograph of Jacob. Sixty-five years had passed since Sol had last seen his father’s face, and it was the first time ever for me. Looking at the photo, my father whispered, ‘Yes, that’s my father.’ Then he spoke to his father: ‘Forgive me, Dad.’ He took several deep breaths and continued, ‘I live with you in my mind all of my life.’[1]

Joseph S. Finkelstein

 

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

 



[1] A video of this amazing moment, ‘Yes, That’s My Father’ is available at www.worldmemoryproject.org. Sol Finkelstein’s memoirs, I Choose Life, by Jennings and Finkelstein (Xlibris 2009) can be found in online book stores.

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