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Adolfo Lozano Olazabal 1897 - 1941 Edit

Born 27.9.1897 in Villabona
Died 7.11.1941 in Gusen

Biography

Adolfo Lozano Olazabal died on 7 November 1941 in the Mauthausen/Gusen extermination camp. ‘[T]hey were defeated by the Francoist army and fled into exile in fear of repression. Of all the victims of the Civil War, theirs is the most tragic, cruel and degrading fate... Unarmed, without military uniform or senior rank, they were nevertheless – without any legitimacy at all – later denied recognition as political refugees or prisoners of war ... In the camps they were classed as ‘stateless’, because Franco refused to recognise the deportees; a blue triangle was sewn onto their clothes, not the red one that political prisoners of other nationalities wore with pride ... These men were part of a certain elite ... because they could all read and write and came from well-known families from the ranks of the Republican fighters.’[1]

Adolfo Lozano Olazabal was born on 27 September 1897 in Villabona. His birth certificate states that he was born at 57 Calle Mayor. Today, Adolfo’s birthplace is a disused plot of land; the house in which he took his first breath has been destroyed. His parents were Juan Lozano, a policeman, and Joaquina, housewife. He had two brothers: Roque and Victoriano Adrian.

We know little of his individual fate. In 1918 he completed his military service. He was a lieutenant colonel in the artillery in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and fought at the infamous Battle of the Ebro.[2] Later he became involved in the struggle for Catalan independence. After his arrest he was deported to numerous concentration camps across Europe: Saint-Cyprien, Gurs, Trier, Mauthausen and Gusen, where he ultimately died.

Of the 7,200 Spanish prisoners in the National Socialist Mauthausen concentration camp, 5,000 died, only 2,200 surviving until the liberation.

Gusen was built in summer 1940, joining the large number of other camps already built by the Germans (rare and loyal allies of the regime of ‘Generalísimo’ Franco). It was sited in a village near Mauthausen, 20 kilometres from Linz. The two main camps, Mauthausen and Gusen I, were the only concentration camps anywhere in Europe categorised as Grade III camps. This indicated the most severe camp for ‘dangerous inmates, especially those with previous criminal records and judged antisocial, i.e. virtually incorrigible’. The Mauthausen camp complex was built as early as 1938 and was one of the last to be liberated by the Western allies and the Soviet Union.

Adolfo Lozano was categorised as a ‘red Spaniard’. When the Germans occupied northern France, the secret police, better known as the Gestapo, began to arrest large numbers of Republicans and to allocate them to various camps. The aim was clear: to punish the fighters – the ‘reds’ and ‘separatists’[3] – regardless of national borders. For the mission, the help that Franco received from Germany and Italy was decisive – it was not for nothing that the dictatorships nourished each other. After the Germans had completed their occupation of northern France, the Reich Chief of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, ordered that all volunteers of the Spanish War be taken into ‘protective custody’.

Adolfo completed his military service in 1918. A document shows that he served voluntarily. A second document from 1919 shows that (after a Christmas holiday) he was called up to enlist in the army. The call-up reached him in the parish of Villabona; at this time he was already a private in the artillery.

During the Civil War Adolfo was a first lieutenant in the artillery of the 32nd Division and the 137th Mixed Brigade of the Republican Army. The Mixed Brigade was founded in May 1937 as a reinforcement for the army in the east. The offensive against Barcelona, with its climax in January 1939, represented the beginning of the end for many Republican leaders, and especially for the rank and file in the army. Adolfo was one of these. Around half a million Republicans had to cross the French border. Adolfo’s march through the various concentration camps across Europe began here: first he was taken to France, then to Austria.

Adolfo was transported from Stalag XII D Trier to Mauthausen, where he was assigned number 4148. From there he was transferred to the Gusen I concentration camp and registered with the camp number 12988.

We only have one piece of evidence of his death, preserved by the Mauthausen Memorial. The cause of death in this document is given as ‘bronchopneumonia’ and the place of death as ‘Gusen’.

According to reports in our possession, at least seven of Adolfo’s townsmen suffered in these camps. Adolfo was, however, the only one from Villabona not to leave the camps alive.

The place where Adolfo died now has a memorial to the atrocities that took place there. Memory and remembrance are part of what happens there. This work aims to bring people together.

Esti Amenabarro Iraola

Translation into English: Joanna White

 



[1] Mercedes Vilanova: Mauthausen, después. Voces de españoles deportados [Mauthausen, later. Voices of Spanish deportees] (Madrid 2014), p. 31.

[2] This was one of the most important battles of the Spanish Civil War. It had the largest number of combatants and was the longest and one of the most bloody of all the military engagements in the whole war. It took place on the lower reaches of the river Ebro, between the provinces of Tarragona (Tierra Alta) in the west and Zaragoza (Mequinenza) in the east, and lasted from July to November 1938. It was the decisive battle of the Civil War, leading to the defeat of the Republic and the end of the war. At the time, Europe was embroiled in the Sudetenland crisis. It seemed that the continent was on the brink of descending into a European war into which the Spanish war would be incorporated. Although the Republican army initially managed to achieve an important victory, it was ultimately unable to stave off defeat. The Republican popular army’s manpower and material resources were bled dry during this battle. After four months of fighting, the Republican troops finally retreated to the other bank of the Ebro. This pivotal battle sealed the fate of the Second Spanish Republic.

[3] Translator’s note: this term was used by Franco’s followers to describe Republicans and/or nationalists who fought against Franco. They did so to humiliate and punish political dissidents.

 Translation into English: Joanna White

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