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Johann Reinhardt 1900 - 1942 Edit

Born 11.10.1900 in Steinenkirch
Died 2.2.1942 in Gusen

Biography

Johann Reinhardt, born 11 October 1900 in Steinenkirch in the Geislingen district, lived with his wife Emma and their four children in Sindelfingen near Stuttgart. He worked as a merchant and bricklayer’s assistant. Emma Reinhardt worked on and off until November 1942 at the Daimler-Benz company, also located in Sindelfingen. Emma and Johann’s parents and the families of their siblings also lived in Germany’s southwest.[1]

The Reinhardts were members of the Sinti minority, known commonly at that time as ‘Zigeuner’ (‘gypsies’). Long before the National Socialists came to political power, they were viewed by mainstream society with suspicion and all kinds of prejudices, were arbitrarily harassed by the police and registered in a ‘gypsy index’ kept by the Criminal Police. According to the National Socialist ideology of race, which after 30 January 1933 gradually became a state ideology permeating all aspects of society, the Sinti were a ‘fremdrassige’ (‘foreign race’) minority and were considered ‘born antisocials’. Like the Jewish population, they were gradually stripped of their rights and the majority were deported to the concentration and extermination camps or deployed as forced labourers.

Johann Reinhardt and his father Franz Anton Reinhardt were arrested by the Criminal Police on 7 June 1938. They were two of over 10,000 men to be deported to concentration camps as so-called ‘asocials’ in April and June 1938 as part of the Reich-wide round-up operation with the name ‘Arbeitsscheu Reich’ (literally: ‘Work-shy Reich’). The arrest order was given in Berlin and bore the signature of the Reich Chief of the SS and Head of the German Police, Heinrich Himmler. The Reinhardts, father and son, were not the only Sinti to be arrested in spite having of a permanent residence and employment, although the systematic persecution of Sinti and Roma only officially began later on. From March 1939 their German passports were confiscated and replaced with a ‘race ID card’ marked with the letter ‘Z’. From 1941 they were deported to the extermination camps.

That 7 June 1938 marked the beginning of an odyssey as a concentration camp prisoner lasting several years for Johann Reinhardt, who was forced to wear the black triangle of the category ‘antisocial’. At the end of June 1938 he arrived in Dachau, in March of the following year the journey continued to Mauthausen concentration camp, one and a half months later he was sent back to Dachau concentration camp. From September 1939 to May 1941 he was held in Buchenwald concentration camp and from there arrived in Gusen concentration camp on 22 May 1941, where he died on 2 February 1942 at the age of 42 as a result of the long years of systematic malnourishment and hard labour.

Almost one year after his death, the Criminal Police also deprived the children of their mother. Emma Reinhardt, like many members of the Sinti, was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp and died there on 7 February 1943. The children Rosina, Sonja, Franz and Johann, aged between 10 and 17 in 1943, were spared deportation to a concentration camp. They lived from then on with their maternal grandparents. Grandfather Ferdinand supported the family, which had now grown to number to six people, by carving cooking spoons out of gathered pieces of wood and trading them with farmers for food.[2]

The children of Johann and Emma Reinhardt survived the Nazi dictatorship with their grandparents far from the barbed wire, medical experiments and SS terror. Some relatives returned after the liberation in May 1945 and were had live with the experience of violence in the concentration and extermination camps. Not only Johann and Emma Reinhardt, but six of their brothers, one sister and three young nieces and nephews did not survive the camps.

Ingrid Bauz

 

Sources:

Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg, EL 350 I Bü 13699.

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

[1] Cf. Angela Bachmair: Wir sind stolz, Zigeuner zu sein [We are proud to be Gypsies] (Augsburg 2014), p. 97.

[2] Cf. ibid., p. 103.

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