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Raffaello Giolli 1889 - 1945 Edit

Born 3.4.1889 in Alessandria
Died 6.1.1945 in Gusen

Biography

At a time when freedom was worth nothing, Raffaello Giolli was an indomitable intellectual. Born in 1889 in Alessandria, he showed an interest in art already very early on; while still at school he wrote for art journals and, after a university degree, he devoted himself to promoting art through exhibitions, conferences and courses. He worked as an art history teacher at various grammar schools but was dismissed in 1931 when the regime demanded teachers swear an oath of loyalty to the Fascists. With his knowledge of trends in contemporary European art he wrote biting criticisms of official Italian art for the daily press and magazines. The magazines that he himself founded were also very innovative in their approach, showing that ‘art is not only to be found in a painting but also in a cheap alarm clock or in a telephone handset’. He also sought to make architects well known ‘whom neither city nor state have entrusted with public buildings’. In the second half of the thirties architecture occupied a key place in his thinking, as documented through his articles for the journals Domus and Casabella. As a passionate advocate of the importance of the artist’s role in society and of the necessity for freedom of artistic expression, he criticised the attempts by the totalitarian state to curb artists’ expressive freedom, which brought him into open conflict with the regime. This led to his internment in July 1940 together with his nineteen-year-old son in a concentration camp in Abruzzo and later to his house arrest. In spite of constant surveillance he made contact with the partisans and, after his return to Milan, tried to organise a resistance movement among the ranks of artists and intellectuals. On 14 September 1944 his apartment was searched and his writings were seized. He, his wife and the youngest of their three sons were transferred to the barracks where an infamous Fascist action group were terrorising people. Feeling the pressure of the brutal interrogations, he threw himself from a window in order to save his family members from persecution, breaking some bones in the process. After 18 days he was transferred to the jail in Milan and from there to the Bolzano transit camp, where he met the architect Giuseppe Pagano. Finally he was deported to Mauthausen and assigned to the Gusen subcamp. Following a severe case of pneumonia he was taken to the so-called ‘Bahnhof’ [‘station’] at Gusen I, where he died on 6 January 1945.

A friend of his, the painter Alda Carpi, remembered Raffaello Giolli in his diary Diario di Gusen: ‘When Giolli died he was not even 20 metres away from me, for I could see the “Bahnhof” from my bed. But it was hard to imagine he was there because only the day before he had been taken into the infirmary. And I had told everyone that he was a close friend of mine, one of the most important Italian art critics. […] “Disinfection” only took place in Block 31, mainly in the Bahnhof. At a certain point they allowed some of the sick to leave – theoretically the less serious cases, but actually more at random – and the others were subjected to disinfection: with gas, as we know. They killed them all. And this time Raffaello Giolli was among them.’

The book La disfatta dell'Ottocento (The Debacle of the 19th Century), the result of his long involvement with questions around art and contemporary society, was partially destroyed during his arrest but was reconstructed by his wife Rosa Menni and published in 1961.

 

Paola Franceschini

 

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

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