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Jan Jebavý 1908 - 1942 Edit

Born 10.5.1908 in Brno
Died 1.10.1942 in Mauthausen

Biography

Born in the Brno suburbs of Žabovřesky as the only son of Bohumila and Rudolf Jebavý (a close relative of the poet Otokar Březina, 1868–1929), Jan was educated at the classical grammar school (diploma, June 1926), then undertook studies in medicine at the Masaryk University in Brno, where he graduated in May 1933. Working first as a non-resident doctor in paediatrics, he specialised in ophthalmology in 1935. In 1936 he married Svatava Gallusová, a teacher; the following year their daughter Hana was born. She later studied paediatrics at the same university. As an ardent member of the Sokol gymnastics association, Jan Jebavý became a high-performance athlete; as a physician, he directed the association’s medical section (župa Jana Máchala), where he sat on the executive committee. From April 1937 on, he worked as a research assistant in the hospital’s ophthalmology faculty under Professor Bohuslav Slavík, founder of Brno’s university institute in this field. He thus published seven articles conceived as the chapters of his future habilitation thesis.

He was first arrested when the German-Polish war broke out: on 1 September 1939, he became one of the 490 hostages taken in Moravia (162 in Brno, of whom three were from the medical faculty) who were detained at the infamous Špilberk/Spielberg fortress jail. Released on 10 October, he soon resumed his contacts with the military underground network Obrana národa (Defence of the Nation): as one of the members of its political group, he acted as part of the key internal Sokol commission (Komise pro styk se župami). Under the leadership of Augustin Pechlát (executed on 30 September 1941), this new commission sought to coordinate the implantation of local underground groups in the Protectorate. From spring 1940 he took part in the ‘Yugoslavian connection’, i. e. the research and transmission of intelligence for the British military attaché at the Belgrade legation.

His second arrest took place under the martial law imposed by the newly-appointed Reichsprotektor, Reinhard Heydrich, on the eve of dissolution of all Sokol’s sections (8 October 1941). On 27 November he was sentenced in absentia by an SS jury to be ‘handed over to the Gestapo’. Since the police court had no evidence against him, he was jailed for ‘recurrent behaviour hostile to the Reich’, on almost the same terms as 798 other people sentenced in Brno between September 1941 and January 1942.

On 20-21 January, Jan Jebavý was deported from the Pod kaštany barracks jail to the Mauthausen camp. It seems that as early as March, when working in its Wiener Graben quarry, his left arm was seriously wounded, resulting in a fateful development of a phlegmon. Two of his close colleagues and friends – both well known Brno professors of medicine who were later called to work as physicians in the camp’s Revier (infirmary), namely the microbiologist Václav Tomášek and the surgeon Josef Podlaha – were not yet active there (from April to the end of July, Tomášek was relegated to the nearby Gusen camp as a construction worker, while Podlaha had to wait until the end of May to be authorised by the camp commandant Ziereis to practise medicine in order to treat at first SS guards as patients).

The exterminatory behaviour of the Nazi guards towards Czech inmates remained alien to the growing industrial requirements of total war. On 7 May 72 members of the resistance from Brno were executed, with Jan Florian at their head, a well-known microbiologist who twelve months earlier had initiated an underground network among faculty academics; in the first days of July, guards blindly murdered dozens of the sick and invalids in Block 16.  

Alleged ‘treatment’ of his phlegmon in Block 19 exposed Jan Jebavý to the immediate peril of tuberculosis: his inclusion in a transport of the sick to Dachau, which was postponed several times over the summer, became a fatal issue. While Professor Tomášek tried to keep his friend hidden from all ‘medical’ examinations, an unknown inmate, allegedly a former medical student, demanded to examine him at any price. He presented his pus findings as his own: thus in the last days of September, Jan Jebavý had to be transferred to Block 20, where Krebsbach’s henchmen inflicted a lethal injection on him, on 1 October 1942.

Jan Jebavý was awarded the Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945. In September 1946 a major athletics meeting took place in Brno in his honour, while in June 1947 he was named Professor of Ophthalmology in memoriam. In 2014, a Stolperstein memorial plaque was set in the Brno sidewalk where Jan Jebavý resided until the 1941 martial laws (30 Šeříková, today Heinrichova Street).

Lubor Jílek

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

 

Sources:

Archiv Masarykovy univerzity, Brno, Personnel file.

Moravský zemský archiv v Brně, Archives ‘Gestapo Brünn’, B 340, kart. 314, sign. 100-314-23.

Archive of the Mauthausen Memorial (AMM), Totenbuch des SS-Standortarztes Mauthausen [Death Register of the Mauthausen SS chief camp physician], AMM Y/46.

Unpublished testimonies, drafted in 1945–46: Václav Tomášek (Brno, Archiv Masarykovy univerzity, and Mendelianum), Josef Podlaha (Archive of the Mauthausen Memorial, Vienna).

Karel Littloch: Mauthausen, koncentrační lágr smrti: vzpomínky na léta 1941–1942 [Death Camp Mauthausen: Memories of the years 1941–1942] (Třebíč 2014 [1945]).

Miloš Vítek: Mauthausen 1942 – Dachau 1945 (Brno 1946).

 

References:

Michel Fabréguet: Mauthausen. Camp de concentration national-socialiste en Autriche rattachée (1938–1945) [Mauthausen. National Socialist concentration camp in annexed Austria (1938–1945)] (Paris 1999).

Karin Orth: Das System nationalsozialistischer Konzentrationslager. Eine politische Organisationsgeschichte [The System of National Socialist Concentration Camps. A political organisational history] (Hamburg 1999).

David W. Pike: Spaniards in the Holocaust. Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube (London 2000).

Rok 1942 v českém odboji. Sborník příspěvků z vědecké konference [The Year 1942 in the Czech Resistance. Academic conference papers) (Prague 1999).

 

Zdeněk Štěpánek: Nacifikace a moravští lékaři, 1939–1945 [Nazification and the Moravian Medical Profession, 1939–1945] (Brno 2004).

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