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Jean Blum 1922 - 1943 Edit

Born 8.4.1922 in Nancy
Died 27.1.1943 in Mauthausen

Biography

Imprisonment, Sentencing, Deportation

Jean Blum was born in 1922 in Nancy. In 1940 he was a pupil at the Poincaré Grammar School in Nancy. From June 1940 onwards, Nancy was located in the zone occupied by the Wehrmacht. At the age of 18, Jean Blum, together with André Claudel, his school friend from the grammar school, and two other young men, Roger Beaufay and Pierre Flornoy, joined the resistance group led by ‘Alfred Gauthier’.

They helped soldiers of the French army, who had been taken prisoner and escaped from the prisoner of war camps, to flee the occupied zone into the free zone in the south. In addition, they also took part in the recruitment of volunteers for the ‘Free French Forces’ of General de Gaulle. The four young men decided to travel through the ‘Free Zone’ in order to get to ‘Free France’ in London via Spain. On 18 November 1940, the day of their departure, they were arrested at Nancy train station and imprisoned.

One month later, on 15 December 1940, they were sentenced by a German military court in Nancy together with their leader, Alfred Gauthier. Alfred Gauthier was sentenced to death and Jean Blum’s three comrades were given a prison term of three years. As for Jean Blum, he was the only one to be acquitted. Indeed, the court considered that, as a Jew, Jean Blum was not capable participating in the resistance and believed his statement when he said:

‘Although I said several times that I wanted to join General de Gaulle, in truth I just wanted to get to the ‘Free Zone’ in order to continue my studies at the University of Montpellier, in order to get around the ban on Jews registering at the University of Nancy.’ He was promptly released.

On 31 January 1941, Alfred Gauthier was shot. On the same day, the verdict returned for the four young men on 15 December 1940 was annulled. Jean Blum, who had remained in Nancy, was rearrested. On 6 February 1941, Jean Blum and his comrades were sentenced to death by the same court. For a month they waited to be executed until, on 5 March 1941, at 6pm, an officer of the ‘Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler’, a member of Hitler’s personal bodyguard, finally revealed to them the contents of a telegram sent by the Wehmacht headquarters: they had been given a reprieve and sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. The SS officer explained to the four young men that, ‘[t]he decision to reprieve the four death sentences was taken by the Führer Adolf Hitler himself. He gives you your lives, he is your second father.’

Deported to Germany on 20 May 1941 – at a time when only just over one hundred Frenchmen had been deported – the four resistance fighters found themselves among the first lot of French deportees. Until the end of August, the four youths, who were very close friends, were transferred from one prison to the next, always together, from Saarbrücken to Ludwigshafen to Bruchsal.

Disappearance

In August 1941, during the standard questioning to verify identity when being transferred from one prison to the next, they were asked about their religion for the first time. Jean Blum revealed that he was a Jew. He was immediately separated from his three friends. After 1,655 days in prison, they returned from deportation.

In November 2014, his friend André Claudel was to write: ‘We will never see him again. After more than 60 years, in 2004, during the publication of the memorial book for political deportees from France, I found out from the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation that Jean was deported to Mauthausen, where he died on 27 January 1943.’ Jean Blum, isolated from his comrades because he was a Jew, was locked up in another prison for over a year. Then, as a Jewish prisoner sentenced to three years’ imprisonment, he was deported to Mauthausen by the Ministry of Justice along with a thousand other prisoners from German prisons. A search via the Troisième Monument website of the Amicale de Mauthausen (France), launched in 2008, and excerpts from his files in the archives of the Mauthausen Memorial have made it possible to learn some of the details about the final weeks of Jean Blum’s life.

Murder

On 31 October 1942, Jean Blum arrived at Mauthausen, one of only two Frenchmen along with Amédée Chicheportiche. He was registered as a ‘French Jew’ and assigned to Block 5, the ‘Jewish Block’. By the beginning of January 1943, they were the only survivors of the transport of 31 October 1942. In January 1943, 66 Jews were executed, 24 of whom on 27 January 1943. According to the death register kept by the SS, 34 prisoners died in the main camp on 27 January 1943 from various diseases: 12 in the morning, 2 Jews and 10 non-Jews; and 22 in the afternoon, all Jews from Block 5.

Amédée Chicheportiche and Jean Blum were executed on the afternoon of 27 January 1943. Where exactly in Mauthausen the killings took place is unknown. They were twenty years old. On 31 January 1943 there were only 30 Jews left at Mauthausen.

Commemoration

The name Jean Blum appears on a memorial plaque at the Poincaré Grammar School in Nancy and at Mauthausen. The mothers of André Claudel and Jean Blum, who became friends after the imprisonment of their sons, exchanged photos of their sons.

Jean Blum’s mother and his aunt on his mother’s side, the only relatives of his André Claudel knew, were murdered in Auschwitz. At the Jewish cemetery in Nancy there is no gravestone that bears the name Jean Blum.

Jean Blum’s life story is presented on the website of the Memorial Book of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation and on the Troisième Monument website of the Amicale de Mauthausen.

 

André Claudel / Patrice Lafaurie

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

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