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Peter van Pels 1926 - 1945 Edit

Born 8.11.1926 in Osnabrück
Died 10.5.1945 in Mauthausen

Biography

‘I sat down on the stairs, and we began to talk... Peter didn't say anything more about his parents; we just talked about books and about the past. Oh, he gazes at me with such warmth in his eyes; I don't think it will take much for me to fall in love with him.’

Anne Frank, 3 March 1944

Peter van Pels was born on 8 November 1926 in Osnabrück (Germany). He was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. His grandfather originally came from the Netherlands, which meant that Peter and his parents had Dutch nationality. His father Hermann was a sales representative in his own father’s business, a butchers’ supplies wholesaler.

Peter van Pels started his education at the Israelite Elementary School in Rolandstraße, directly next to the Osnabrück synagogue. Children of all ages were taught in a single class there. A friend from the time recalls that Peter was a tall, shy boy and a good footballer. The school was a safe haven for Jewish children from Osnabrück. Football was played on the fallow field behind the school, with the synagogue wall serving as a goal. The class was becoming smaller and smaller because many families were leaving Germany. As a result of the increasing emigration, Modern Hebrew was taught, and in the evening there were English courses for adults.

The family business could not cope with the pressure exerted by the Nazi regime and was forcibly liquidated in spring 1937. Peter’s father had no means to earn a living any more. That summer Peter van Pels emigrated with his parents to Amsterdam. Peter was ten years old at this point. Almost all of his family, on both his mother’s and father’s sides, left Germany for Amsterdam.

The area of Amsterdam where Peter lived was home to many German Jewish émigrés. Before Peter could be enrolled in the primary school he had to attend a special Dutch course, along with many other immigrant children. In 1939 his father was employed as an expert in herbs and spices at Pectacon, a company owned by Otto Frank, Anne Frank’s father. Van Pels’ attempt to emigrate to America with his family in 1939 failed. In May 1940 the Netherlands was occupied by Germany. The subsequent anti-Jewish laws meant that Peter had to leave the school. He was taken on as an apprentice in a Jewish upholstery firm. In the famous photograph of Peter he is wearing overalls with a Jewish star and working on the springs inside a chair.

In July 1942 Peter and his family went into hiding along with Otto Frank’s family in a rear building on the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam. The 25 months that the two families spent there are described in Anne Frank’s diary. The book gives a teenage girl’s perspective on how the two families spent good and bad times with each other under the oppressive conditions of concealment. Anne initially found Peter a ‘boring and shy beanpole’, but later a brief infatuation grew between them. The first thing that Peter planned to do after the liberation was go to the cinema, wrote Anne. Later he wanted to go to the plantations in the Dutch East Indies. Their time in hiding ended tragically on 4 August 1944 when the fugitives were arrested.

Peter was deported from the Dutch transit camp Westerbork to Auschwitz in September 1944. There he saw his father being taken to the gas chamber after a selection in October. After his liberation, Otto Frank related that Peter had been a great support to him in Auschwitz because he had more freedom of movement as a result of his work in the post room and could obtain extra food. When the Soviet army was approaching and Auschwitz was cleared, Peter van Pels was forced to go on one of the so-called death-marches. According to Otto Frank, Peter was still in relatively good condition and was himself convinced that he would make it.

Peter arrived in Mauthausen on 25 January 1945. On 29 January he was transported onwards to the Melk subcamp, where he was assigned to work as a forced labourer in ‘Project Quarz’ on the construction of an underground factory. The living and working conditions were inhuman and the death count high. On 11 April 1944 Peter van Pels was sent back to the Mauthausen infirmary, where sick prisoners lay without care, with hardly any clothes or food – in fact, a place to die. Peter van Pels died on 10 May 1945, five days after the liberation of the camp by American soldiers. He was only 18 years old.

Erika Prins

 

Anne Frank House

Translation into English: Joanna White

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