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Wilmos Wolf Weiss 1895 - 1945 Edit

Born 23.4.1895 in Rónafalu / Schboriwzi
Died 22.5.1945 in Hörsching

Biography

The town in which I was born was Nagyszőllős.[1] It was in Czechoslovakia, when I was born, and then became Hungary in 1939. I was a very happy and somewhat innocent and naïve boy. I lived in a loving family, the fourth of five children. I went to school, I read books and poetry, and I collected stamps.

In January of 1944 my mother died of cancer a few months before my 14th birthday. The war really arrived at our door when all the Jews in our town and many from the surrounding region were put into the ghetto in April of 1944. We had to leave our home, most of our possessions, and moved into a small group of rooms in a house in the centre of the town. There was little food and without the help of friends who were Christian we would not have been able to survive. We heard rumours of what the Nazis were going to do to us. We knew the war in Russia was not going well for the Nazis but the Gestapo and other Nazis who were in our town clearly were planning something.

In late May they put us on the cattle trains that ultimately arrived in Birkenau on 28 May.

When we arrived, they separated us into three lines. One for men, one for women and the third was children and old people. I was with my little sister Icuka, holding her hand. An inmate dressed in something like pyjamas approached me and told me to leave my sister and go to the men’s line. He told me to tell them that I was 17 and a skilled worker, because I was small for my age. One of our neighbours, whom we knew well, an old lady named Mrs. Rosenberg, opened her arms and welcomed my little sister, saying to her ‘Icuka, come with me’. I let my little sister go and went with my father into the men’s line. That was the last time I was to see my little sister, who was twelve years old.

My father was taken to Auschwitz. Being alone in the Kinderblock (children’s block), collecting all the information about the smoking chimneys and the unusual smell of the camp, I lost my belief in God.

Later, on January 18 1945, when the war was going very badly for the Germans – the Russians were moving in from the east and the war in the west was being won by the Allies –, the Germans decided to empty out Birkenau and Auschwitz. So I began the long march – frozen, snow-covered landscape, and people who were hungry, like myself.

And once, after two, three days of marching, I was so exhausted I could barely move any more. And I sat down in the snow to rest a little bit. I felt very good and I felt free. The SS man who was behind the line of people approached me. I saw he was making moves with his rifle. And I knew what was waiting for me. This was the lowest point in my life. I decided that that was enough.

The SS man comes to me, recognises the scene, gives me a big kick and says ‘Los! You are too young to die.’ And I don't know how, I just jumped up from the snow and started to run – not to go, but to run. That was the second time I was saved. This time by an SS man.

After 12 days, on 27 January, we arrived at Mauthausen – completely exhausted, frozen to the bone.[2] They took us from the train by trucks because we were unable to walk. And they drove us to Mauthausen, and here we went down to what they called the Waschraum. And they opened the water installation, and warm water came out on all of us. We were expecting gas. But this hot water was something that restarted life. First of all, we didn't eat. We were completely dried out. And for some minutes we were re-cooked by this water. So we started to feel ourselves completely new. They took away our clothes at the entrance to the washroom. At the end, we got new clothes. New, disinfected clothes.

On the same day, I met my father again. It happened in one of the blocks which are still there. There are three blocks here, original blocks. The arrangement in Mauthausen was that the SS should be prevented from making mistakes.

So the calculation was 200 or 400 prisoners for one side of the barrack, and the rest on the other side. They took me to the first, and there were three or four people missing. The Spanish either Blockälteste or Schreiber yelled to the other side ‘Send me over four!’, to have the exact number that should be on every Appell (roll call). So they sent over three or four men, and one of them was my father. And he immediately noticed me, and I immediately noticed him. And the Zählappell was disturbed. My father said, pushing out his right hand: ‘Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich habe mein Sohn gefunden!’ [‘My son, my son, I have found my son!’]. And the SS was standing behind him and he said, ‘go and hug him’. So we became the celebrity of Mauthausen, my father and I.

It didn't take long and we were leaving for Gunskirchen, which was the lowest point on earth. I think the Germans opened this new camp on 12 March 1945.[3] And this camp was seven huge hangars with absolutely no facilities. There was nothing, absolutely nothing. And in each such hangar were some four thousand to five thousand people with no food, no water. And Gunskirchen was completely full of lice. And the lice brought the typhus. The death count was a hundred a day, every day a hundred, I can't tell exactly how many.

I just know that the Americans, who liberated the camp, wrote about it in books – that they couldn’t understand. We went out from Gunskirchen and to a town. It took us several hours. We went in and they gave us tea. The lady who accepted us prepared tea for us. It wasn't real tea because there was no real tea in Germany at that time. And we rested in her house for two or three days, but we came out with, I came out ... My father found a pair of glasses, put them on his nose and – God! He could see. She even gave us the whole pair of glasses. They were not her glasses – either they were her father’s, her husband’s, or her son’s, they were in the war.

Two days later the Americans came, and they had loudspeakers: ‘We are going to take you to a place where there is medical aid.’ And we decided to go on the truck. We ended up in Hörsching, which was the last operating Luftwaffe base. They put us in a room; four German pilots were there already. We were on the ground. Two or three days later someone comes in, ‘Him, pick him up’. Him was me. Father was unconscious, sick.

In Mauthausen and its subcamp Gunskirchen I found my beloved father, after being separated from him at Birkenau. And it is here that I lost him forever, when he died of typhoid and hunger in Gunskirchen, two weeks after liberation. He was 50.

Yitzhak Livnat

Translation into English: Joanna White

 



[1] For centuries Nagyszőllős, today Vynohradiv (Виноградів) in western Ukraine, was a multi-ethnic town. Other names for the town are Севлюш/ Syvlyush (Rusyn/Russian), Veľký Sevľuš/Vinohradov (Slovakian), Velká/Velký Sevl(j)uš/Vinohradov (Czech), Seylesh or Selish (Yiddish), Seleușu Mare (Romanian), Виноградов/Vinogradov (Russian, after 1945) or Winogradów (Polish, after 1945). Part of Czechoslovakia in 1919, after occupation by the German Wehrmacht the town was used as an assembly camp for the deportation of the Transylvanian Jews.

[2] The euphemistically termed ‘evacuation’ of Auschwitz-Birkenau began between 17 and 23 January 1945. Over 8,000 people were deported on death marches to Mauthausen concentration camp, where they arrived between 25 January and 8 February 1945. Yitzhak Livnat was registered in the arrivals lists of the Mauthausen concentration camp on 30 January 1945 under prisoner number 125039 as Aleksander Weiss; cf. Archive of the Mauthausen Memorial Y/50/03/15/203–209.

[3] The Wels I or Gunskirchen subcamp was officially erected on 27 December 1944 by a ‘construction detail’. On 9 April, according to a log report (Bestandsmeldung), there were still only 367 prisoners in Gunskirchen; at the end of April 17,000 to 20,000 Hungarian Jews reached the camp. Cf. Florian Freund: Gunskirchen (Wels I). In: Wolfgang Benz/Barbara Distel (ed.): Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager [The Site of Terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps]. vol. 4: Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück (Munich 2006), pp. 368–370. 

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