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Emil Goldmann 1872 - 1942 Edit

Born 29.11.1872 in Vítkovice
Died 1.8.1942 in Mauthausen

Biography

Emil Goldmann was a Goldmann again only under the Nazis and because his name was not obviously ‘Jewish’ enough (Executive Order on the Law on the Alteration of Family and Personal Names 1938), with ‘Israel’ as a middle name, as obligated by Nazi ideology. Otherwise he was known by his stage name, Emil Geyer, under which he was one of leading figures in Austrian theatre.

Emil Geyer was born on 29 November 1872 in Vítkovice in Moravia in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Following the collapse of the monarchy he became a citizen of the Czechoslovak Republic. Following the National Socialists’ entry into Austria on 12 March 1938 he became a victim of racist persecution in the German Reich. And following National Socialists’ entry into Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939 he became a member of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Geyer studied law in Vienna, going to Berlin in early 1900, where he met Max Reinhardt in 1907, and finally settling in Vienna in 1912, where he lived continuously until his arrest by the Gestapo and murder in Mauthausen in 1942. After the ‘Anschluss’ (‘Annexation’) of Austria to Hitler-Germany he did not emigrate to the USA, as Reinhardt had done already at the end of 1937, although he had an exit permit and letter of sponsorship for entering the USA in his possession and his daughter and his son-in-law had already moved there.

Geyer spent the rest of his life in Vienna under the Nuremberg Race Laws. On 16 March 1938, four days after Hitler’s troops marched into Austria, the deputy director of the Reinhardt Seminar and a member of the illegal NSDAP in Austria since 1933, Hans Niederführ, announced that he was the seminar’s new director, forcing Emil Geyer to resign ‘voluntarily’ from this role. Geyer not only lost his work, his profession and his income, but salary still owing to him was no longer paid. The fortune that he had invested in the family business was lost when it was Aryanised. From then on, the only source of income left to him was from giving private lectures in apartments for which admission was charged.

Emil Geyer’s achievements were in no way limited to simply the development of modern theatrical training: from 1912 to 1922 he ran the theatre the Neue Wiener Bühne, where he introduced the expressionists (Georg Kaiser, Paul Kornfeld, Leo Birinski, Ferdinand Bruckner) to the Viennese stage. From 1926 to 1933 he was director of the Theater in der Josefstadt; in 1935/36 he was head of productions at the Wiener Volkstheater (Deutsches Volkstheater), and from 1930 to 1938 he was head of the Max Reinhardt Seminar. On the side he was an art collector and in that role active member of the circle Kreis der Blätter für die Kunst.

In 1941, the year the Nazis ordered the Jewish population in the German Reich to identify themselves through the ‘yellow star’ and propagated the ‘final solution’, the systematic murder of the Jewish population in the German Reich and in the occupied territories, he lost his apartment in Siebensterngasse and was forced to move into an apartment in Krugerstraße. Only now did the nearly 70-year-old Geyer decide he wanted to emigrate after all and in 1942 joined his sister Jeanette and brother-in-law Otto Hermann in an attempt to flee to Hungary, which was at war with Russia alongside the National Socialists but was not taking part in the systematic persecution of the Jewish population being carried out by the National Socialists. The getaway failed. Geyer was taken into Gestapo custody on 16 May 1942 for ‘attempted illegal emigration’ and on 31 July 1942 he was transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp and ‘shot while attempting to escape’ there the following day.

The Gestapo photo card dated 16 May 1942 shows him as a smartly turned out, good-looking man, clean shaven with perfectly styled hair. Only his bowtie on the two photographs taken front on is slightly askew.

The Gestapo’s personal detail file dated 18 May 1942 notes the following: ‘Height 1 m 61 cm; Hair: dark brown; Beard: clean shaven; Eye [only listed in the singular – G.R.]: brown; Nose: straight; Ears: very large, oval, jutting; Mouth: small; Teeth: with gaps; Face: pale, long, sunken; Build: slim, weak.’

His title of Dr. does not appear on any of the Gestapo papers.

70 years after his murder in Mauthausen, on 8 November 2012, a plaque in remembrance of Emil Geyer was mounted at his former address in Vienna’s 7th district, at Siebensterngasse 31. It honours him as one of the most influential figures in theatre in the First Republic, complete with his title of Dr. and information about his most important positions and stages in life.

The long ‘oblivion’ of Emil Geyer, including at the Reinhardt Seminar itself, was due not least to the reinstatement of its Nazi-era director, Hans Niederführ. After a forced career break and employment ban, he headed the Reinhardt Seminar, which was re-established in 1945, from 1954 to 1959.

 

Gerhard Ruiss

 

 

Translation into English: Joanna White

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